Agni Malmin, MD, Vilde M. Thomseth, MD
Per T. Førland, MD, Ayyad Z. Khan, MD, PhD
Hanne B. Hetland, MSc, Xiangjun Chen, MD, PhD
Inga-Britt K. Haugen, PhD, Tor P. Utheim, MD, PhD
Vegard A. Forsaa, MD, PhD
American Academy of Ophthalmology
Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the effects of serial intravitreal injections (IVIs) on the ocular surface and meibomian glands (MGs) in patients treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
Design
Retrospective, controlled, observational study.
Participants
Patients with nAMD receiving unilateral IVIs with anti-VEGF agents. The fellow eye was used as control.
Methods
Tear film and ocular surface examinations were performed on a single occasion at a minimum of 4 weeks after IVI. A pre-IVI asepsis protocol with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) was applied.
Main Outcome Measures
Upper and lower MG loss, tear meniscus height (TMH), bulbar redness (BR) score, noninvasive tear break-up time (NIBUT), tear film osmolarity (TOsm), Schirmer test, corneal staining, fluorescein tear film break-up time (TBUT), meibomian gland expressibility (ME), and meibum quality.
Results
Ninety patients with a mean age of 77.5 years (standard deviation [SD], 8.4; range 54–95) were included. The median number of IVIs in treated eyes was 19.5 (range, 2–132). Mean MG loss in the upper eyelid was 19.1% (SD, 11.3) in treated eyes and 25.5% (SD, 14.6) in untreated fellow eyes (P = 0.001). For the lower eyelid, median MG loss was 17.4% (interquartile range [IQR], 9.4–29.9) in treated eyes and 24.5% (IQR, 14.2–35.2) in fellow eyes (P < 0.001). Mean BR was 1.32 (SD, 0.46) in treated eyes versus 1.44 (SD, 0.45) in fellow eyes (P = 0.017). Median TMH was 0.36 mm (IQR, 0.28–0.52) in treated eyes and 0.32 mm (IQR, 0.24–0.49) in fellow eyes (P = 0.02). There were no differences between treated and fellow eyes regarding NIBUT, TOsm, Schirmer test, corneal staining, fluorescein TBUT, ME, or meibum quality.
Conclusions
Repeated IVIs with anti-VEGF with preoperative PVP-I application was associated with reduced MG loss, increased tear volume, and reduced signs of inflammation compared with fellow nontreated eyes in patients with nAMD. This regimen may thus have a beneficial effect on the ocular surface.